Evaluation of ground penetrating radar responses to changes in crushed stones pavement layers characteristics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58922/transportes.v31i1.2770Keywords:
GPR-Ground Penetranting Radar, Crushed stone, Moisture, Quality controlAbstract
This paper presents the study of ground penetrating radar responses to changes in the following characteristics of crushed stones for pavement layers: particle size composition and bulk density. For the execution of the tests was used a ground coupled shielded antenna, with a central frequency of 1.6 GHz, coupled to a control and data storage unit. In order to evaluate the sensitivity of GPR to variations in granulometric composition particle size, two materials were compared, one dense graded and one open graded, respectively, the B gradation from DNIT Specification 141/2010 – ES and the drainage layer gradation from DER/SP specification ET-DE-P00 / 008., which were compacted in a 40 × 40 × 15 cm wooden box made for this purpose. In order to assess the sensitivity to variations in apparent density, surveys were carried out with both mixtures under the following conditions: moisture content varying ± 1.0% in relation to the optimum humidity; uncompacted and compacted to 90%; 95%; 98% and 100% of the Modified Proctor. In all tests, the objective was to detect variations in the relative dielectric permittivity and to relate it to the granulometry and the conditions of compaction of the mixtures. The results obtained demonstrate that due to the low contrast between the physical properties of the two mixtures compared, the ground penetrating radar was not able to differentiate them and that it is sensitive to variations in the saturation conditions, but that this sensitivity is not sufficient for it to be used as a replacement for traditional methods of quality control in the execution of granular layers, but indicate that it can come to be used to identify heterogeneities in the executed layers.
Downloads
References
PÉREZ, I.; MEDINA, L.; ROMANA, M. G. Permanent deformation models for a granular material used in road pavements. Construction and Building Materials, [s. l.], v. 20, n. 9, p. 790–800, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.050
PORSANI, J. L. Ground penetrating radar: proposta metodológica de emprego em estudos geológico - geotécnicos nas regiões de Rio Claro e Descalvado - SP. 1999. Tese (Doutorado) - IGCE UNESP, Rio Claro, 1999.
ANNAN, A. P. Ground penetrating radar workshop notes. Mississauga: Sensors & Software, 2001.
GROTE, K. et al. Evaluation of infiltration in layered pavements using surface GPR reflection techniques. Journal of Applied Geophysics, [s. l.], v. 57, n. 2, p. 129–153, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2004.10.002
CHEN, D. H. et al. Integration of field and laboratory testing to determine the causes of a premature pavement failure. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, [s. l.], v. 33, n. 11, p. 1345–1358, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/l06-079
VENMANS, A. A. M.; VAN DE VEN, R.; KOLLEN, J. Rapid and Non-intrusive Measurements of Moisture in Road Constructions Using Passive Microwave Radiometry and GPR – Full Scale Test. Procedia Engineering, Advances in Transportation Geotechnics III. [s. l.], v. 143, Advances in Transportation Geotechnics III, p. 1244–1251, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.111
MARA NORD PROJECT. Recommendations for guidelines for the use of GPR in road construction quality control. Rovaniemi: 2011.
NARBRO, A. et al. Mara Nord Project: Final report. Rovaniemi: Rovaniemi University of Applied Sciences, 2012.
ROIMELA, P. Using GPR and die lectric probe in pavement quality control. 1997. University of Oulu, Oulu, 1997.
PANK. PANK-4122: Asfalttipäällysteen tyhjätila, päällystetutkamenetelmä. Helsinki: Finnish Pavement Technology Advisory Council (PANK), 2008.
PELLINEN, T. et al. Assessment of air void content of asphalt using dielectric constant measurements by GPR and with VNA: SCIENCE + TECHNOLOGY. Helsinki: Aalto University, 2015.
SEBESTA, S.; SCULLION, T.; SAARENKETO, T. SHRP 2 S2-R06C-RR-1: Using infrared and high-speed ground-penetrating radar for uniformity measurements on new HMA layers. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/22769
HOEGH, K.; DAI, S. Asphalt pavement compaction assessment using ground penetrating radar-arrays. In: PROCEEDINGS 2017, Duluth, Minnesota. Anais... . In: FIRST CONGRESS ON TECHNICAL ADVANCEMENT. Duluth, Minnesota . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784481035.011
AASHTO. PP 98-19: Standard specification for asphalt surface dielectric profiling system using ground penetrating radar. Washington, D.C.: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2019.
CASSIDY, N. J. Electrical and magnetic properties of rocks, soils and fluids. In: Ground penetrating radar: theory and applications. 1. ed. United Kingdom: Elsevier Science, 2009. p. 41–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53348-7.00002-8
SAARENKETO, T. Electrical properties of road materials and subgrade soils and the use of ground penetrating radar in traffic infrastructure surveys. 2006. Tese (Doutorado) - Faculty of Science, Department of Geosciencies, University of Oulu, Oulu, 2006.
SAARENKETO, T. Electrical properties of water in clay and silty soils. Journal of Applied Geophysics, [s. l.], v. 40, n. 1, p. 73–88, 1998. b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(98)00017-2
SCULLION, T.; SAARENKETO, T. Using Suction and Dielectric Measurements as Performance Indicators for Aggregate Base Materials. Transportation Research Record, [s. l.], v. 1577, p. 37–44, 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3141/1577-05
SAARENKETO, T.; SCULLION, T. FHWA/TX-97/1341-2: Using electrical properties to classify the strength properties of base course aggregates. Arlington, Texas: Texas Transportation Institute, 1996.
SHIVOLA, A. Electromagnetic mixing formulas and applications. London: The Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/PBEW047E
SUZUKI, C. Y.; AZEVEDO, A. M.; KABBACH JUNIOR, F. I. Drenagem subsuperficial de pavimentos: conceitos e dimensionamento. São Paulo: Oficina de Textos, 2013.
ASTM. D6432 - 11: Standard guide for using the surface ground penetrating radar method for subsurface investigation. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2011.
ASTM. ASTM D4748 - 10: Standard test method for determining the thickness of bound pavement layers using short-pulse radar. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2015. b.
DNIT. 141/2010 - ES: Base estabilizada granulométricamente - Especificação de serviço. Rio de Janeiro: Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes, 2010.
DER/SP. ET-DE-P00/008: Sub-base ou base de brita graduada. São Paulo: Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem - São Paulo, 2005.
LUQUE, T. H. Origem e evolução do magmatismo no Maciço Granítico Sorocaba, SP: contribuições da geoquímica elementar e isotópica. 2015. Tese (Doutorado) - IGc USP, São Paulo, 2015.
DNER. ME 195/97: Agregados - determinação da absorção e da massa específica do agregado graúdo. Rio de Janeiro: Departamento Nacional de Estradas de Rodagem, 1997.
DNER. ME 194/98: Agregados - determinação da massa específica de agregados miúdos por meio do frasco de Chapman. Rio de Janeiro: Departamento Nacional de Estradas de Rodagem, 1998.
ABNT. NBR 7182:2016: Solo - Ensaio de compactação. Rio de Janeiro: Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, 2016.
BSI. BS 1377-4:1990: Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. Compaction-related tests. United Kingdom: British Standards Instituiton, 1990.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Heloisa Moraes Treiber, Maria Teresa Françoso
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who submit papers for publication by TRANSPORTES agree to the following terms:
- The authors retain the copyright and grant Transportes the right of first publication of the manuscript, without any financial charge, and waive any other remuneration for its publication by ANPET.
- Upon publication by Transportes, the manuscript is automatically licensed under the Creative Commons License CC BY 4.0 license. This license permits the work to be shared with proper attribution to the authors and its original publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional separate contracts for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the manuscript published in this journal (e.g., publishing in an institutional repository or as a book chapter), with recognition of the initial publication in this journal, provided that such a contract does not imply an endorsement of the content of the manuscript or the new medium by ANPET.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their personal websites) after the editorial process is complete. As Transportes provides open access to all published issues, authors are encouraged to use links to the DOI of their article in these cases.
- Authors guarantee that they have obtained the necessary authorization from their employers for the transfer of rights under this agreement, if these employers hold any copyright over the manuscript. Additionally, authors assume all responsibility for any copyright infringements by these employers, releasing ANPET and Transportes from any responsibility in this regard.
- Authors assume full responsibility for the content of the manuscript, including the necessary and appropriate authorizations for the disclosure of collected data and obtained results, releasing ANPET and Transportes from any responsibility in this regard.
